要使用 PostgreSQL 介面,您需要安裝至少 9.3 版。較舊的版本不受支援。
要開始使用 PostgreSQL,請參閱 設定 Rails 指南。它說明如何正確設定 PostgreSQL 的 Active Record。
1 資料類型
PostgreSQL 提供許多特定資料類型。以下是 PostgreSQL 介面支援的類型清單。
1.1 Bytea
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
t.binary 'payload'
end
# app/models/document.rb
class Document < ApplicationRecord
end
# Usage
data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
Document.create payload: data
1.2 陣列
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
create_table :books do |t|
t.string 'title'
t.string 'tags', array: true
t.integer 'ratings', array: true
end
add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'
# app/models/book.rb
class Book < ApplicationRecord
end
# Usage
Book.create title: "Brave New World",
tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
ratings: [4, 5]
## Books for a single tag
Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")
## Books for multiple tags
Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])
## Books with 3 or more ratings
Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")
1.3 Hstore
您需要啟用 hstore
擴充功能才能使用 hstore。
# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
class CreateProfiles < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
enable_extension 'hstore' unless extension_enabled?('hstore')
create_table :profiles do |t|
t.hstore 'settings'
end
end
# app/models/profile.rb
class Profile < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })
irb> profile = Profile.first
irb> profile.settings
=> {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}
irb> profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
irb> profile.save!
irb> Profile.where("settings->'color' = ?", "yellow")
=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<Profile id: 1, settings: {"color"=>"yellow", "resolution"=>"1280x1024"}>]>
1.4 JSON 和 JSONB
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
# ... for json datatype:
create_table :events do |t|
t.json 'payload'
end
# ... or for jsonb datatype:
create_table :events do |t|
t.jsonb 'payload'
end
# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})
irb> event = Event.first
irb> event.payload
=> {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}
## Query based on JSON document
# The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text
irb> Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
1.5 範圍類型
此類型對應到 Ruby Range
物件。
# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
create_table :events do |t|
t.daterange 'duration'
end
# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
irb> event = Event.first
irb> event.duration
=> Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014
## All Events on a given date
irb> Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
## Working with range bounds
irb> event = Event.select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first
irb> event.starts_at
=> Tue, 11 Feb 2014
irb> event.ends_at
=> Thu, 13 Feb 2014
1.6 複合類型
目前沒有特別支援複合類型。它們對應到一般的文字欄位
CREATE TYPE full_address AS
(
city VARCHAR(90),
street VARCHAR(90)
);
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
execute <<-SQL
CREATE TYPE full_address AS
(
city VARCHAR(90),
street VARCHAR(90)
);
SQL
create_table :contacts do |t|
t.column :address, :full_address
end
# app/models/contact.rb
class Contact < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
irb> contact = Contact.first
irb> contact.address
=> "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
irb> contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
irb> contact.save!
1.7 列舉類型
類型可以對應到一般的文字欄位,或對應到 ActiveRecord::Enum
。
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles.rb
def change
create_enum :article_status, ["draft", "published", "archived"]
create_table :articles do |t|
t.enum :status, enum_type: :article_status, default: "draft", null: false
end
end
您也可以建立列舉類型,並將列舉欄位新增到現有的資料表
# db/migrate/20230113024409_add_status_to_articles.rb
def change
create_enum :article_status, ["draft", "published", "archived"]
add_column :articles, :status, :enum, enum_type: :article_status, default: "draft", null: false
end
上述的遷移都是可逆的,但您可以在需要時定義個別的 #up
和 #down
方法。請務必在刪除列舉類型之前移除任何依賴於該列舉類型的欄位或資料表
def down
drop_table :articles
# OR: remove_column :articles, :status
drop_enum :article_status
end
在模型中宣告列舉屬性會新增輔助方法,並防止將無效值指定給類別的執行個體
# app/models/article.rb
class Article < ApplicationRecord
enum :status, {
draft: "draft", published: "published", archived: "archived"
}, prefix: true
end
irb> article = Article.create
irb> article.status
=> "draft" # default status from PostgreSQL, as defined in migration above
irb> article.status_published!
irb> article.status
=> "published"
irb> article.status_archived?
=> false
irb> article.status = "deleted"
ArgumentError: 'deleted' is not a valid status
要重新命名列舉,您可以使用 rename_enum
,並同時更新任何模型用法
# db/migrate/20150718144917_rename_article_status.rb
def change
rename_enum :article_status, to: :article_state
end
要新增新值,您可以使用 add_enum_value
# db/migrate/20150720144913_add_new_state_to_articles.rb
def up
add_enum_value :article_state, "archived" # will be at the end after published
add_enum_value :article_state, "in review", before: "published"
add_enum_value :article_state, "approved", after: "in review"
end
列舉值無法刪除,這也表示 add_enum_value
是不可逆的。您可以 在此處 閱讀原因。
若要重新命名值,可以使用 rename_enum_value
# db/migrate/20150722144915_rename_article_state.rb
def change
rename_enum_value :article_state, from: "archived", to: "deleted"
end
提示:若要顯示所有列舉的所有值,可以在 bin/rails db
或 psql
主控台中呼叫此查詢
SELECT n.nspname AS enum_schema,
t.typname AS enum_name,
e.enumlabel AS enum_value
FROM pg_type t
JOIN pg_enum e ON t.oid = e.enumtypid
JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
1.8 UUID
如果您使用的是早於版本 13.0 的 PostgreSQL,您可能需要啟用特殊擴充功能才能使用 UUID。啟用 pgcrypto
擴充功能(PostgreSQL >= 9.4)或 uuid-ossp
擴充功能(適用於更早的版本)。
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
create_table :revisions do |t|
t.uuid :identifier
end
# app/models/revision.rb
class Revision < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"
irb> revision = Revision.first
irb> revision.identifier
=> "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"
您可以在遷移中使用 uuid
類型來定義參考
# db/migrate/20150418012400_create_blog.rb
enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto')
create_table :posts, id: :uuid
create_table :comments, id: :uuid do |t|
# t.belongs_to :post, type: :uuid
t.references :post, type: :uuid
end
# app/models/post.rb
class Post < ApplicationRecord
has_many :comments
end
# app/models/comment.rb
class Comment < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :post
end
請參閱 此部分 以瞭解有關將 UUID 用作主鍵的更多詳細資訊。
1.9 位元字串類型
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
create_table :users, force: true do |t|
t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
end
# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> User.create settings: "01010011"
irb> user = User.first
irb> user.settings
=> "01010011"
irb> user.settings = "0xAF"
irb> user.settings
=> "10101111"
irb> user.save!
1.10 網路位址類型
inet
和 cidr
類型會對應到 Ruby IPAddr
物件。macaddr
類型會對應到一般文字。
# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
t.inet 'ip'
t.cidr 'network'
t.macaddr 'address'
end
# app/models/device.rb
class Device < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12", network: "192.168.2.0/24", address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")
irb> macbook.ip
=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>
irb> macbook.network
=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
irb> macbook.address
=> "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"
1.11 幾何類型
除了 points
之外,所有幾何類型都會對應到一般文字。點會轉換為包含 x
和 y
座標的陣列。
1.12 間隔
此類型會對應到 ActiveSupport::Duration
物件。
# db/migrate/20200120000000_create_events.rb
create_table :events do |t|
t.interval 'duration'
end
# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> Event.create(duration: 2.days)
irb> event = Event.first
irb> event.duration
=> 2 days
2 UUID 主鍵
您需要啟用 pgcrypto
(僅限 PostgreSQL >= 9.4)或 uuid-ossp
擴充功能才能產生隨機 UUID。
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto')
create_table :devices, id: :uuid do |t|
t.string :kind
end
# app/models/device.rb
class Device < ApplicationRecord
end
irb> device = Device.create
irb> device.id
=> "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"
如果沒有將 :default
選項傳遞給 create_table
,則假設為 gen_random_uuid()
(來自 pgcrypto
)。
若要將 Rails 模型產生器用於使用 UUID 作為主鍵的表格,請將 --primary-key-type=uuid
傳遞給模型產生器。
例如
$ rails generate model Device --primary-key-type=uuid kind:string
在建立具有將參考此 UUID 的外來金鑰的模型時,將 uuid
視為原生欄位類型,例如
$ rails generate model Case device_id:uuid
3 編製索引
PostgreSQL 包含各種索引選項。除了 一般索引選項 之外,PostgreSQL 介面卡支援下列選項
3.1 包含
建立新索引時,非鍵欄位可以使用 :include
選項包含在內。這些鍵不會用於搜尋的索引掃描,但可以在僅索引掃描時讀取,而不需要拜訪關聯的表格。
# db/migrate/20131220144913_add_index_users_on_email_include_id.rb
add_index :users, :email, include: :id
支援多個欄位
# db/migrate/20131220144913_add_index_users_on_email_include_id_and_created_at.rb
add_index :users, :email, include: [:id, :created_at]
4 個已產生欄位
自 PostgreSQL 12.0 版本開始支援已產生欄位。
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
create_table :users do |t|
t.string :name
t.virtual :name_upcased, type: :string, as: 'upper(name)', stored: true
end
# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
end
# Usage
user = User.create(name: 'John')
User.last.name_upcased # => "JOHN"
5 個可延後的外來鍵
預設情況下,PostgreSQL 中的表格約束會在每個陳述式之後立即檢查。它故意不允許建立記錄,其中所引用的記錄尚未在所引用的表格中。不過,透過將 DEFERRABLE
加入外來鍵定義,可以稍後在提交交易時執行這個完整性檢查。若要預設延後所有檢查,可以設定為 DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED
。Rails 透過在 add_reference
和 add_foreign_key
方法中的 foreign_key
選項加入 :deferrable
鍵來公開這個 PostgreSQL 功能。
其中一個範例是在交易中建立循環相依性,即使您已建立外來鍵
add_reference :person, :alias, foreign_key: { deferrable: :deferred }
add_reference :alias, :person, foreign_key: { deferrable: :deferred }
如果參考是使用 foreign_key: true
選項建立的,則在執行第一個 INSERT
陳述式時,以下交易會失敗。不過,如果設定了 deferrable: :deferred
選項,則不會失敗。
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction do
person = Person.create(id: SecureRandom.uuid, alias_id: SecureRandom.uuid, name: "John Doe")
Alias.create(id: person.alias_id, person_id: person.id, name: "jaydee")
end
當 :deferrable
選項設定為 :immediate
時,讓外來鍵保留立即檢查約束的預設行為,但允許在交易中使用 SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED
手動延後檢查。這將導致外來鍵在提交交易時受到檢查
ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED")
person = Person.create(alias_id: SecureRandom.uuid, name: "John Doe")
Alias.create(id: person.alias_id, person_id: person.id, name: "jaydee")
end
預設 :deferrable
為 false
,且約束會立即檢查。
6 唯一約束
# db/migrate/20230422225213_create_items.rb
create_table :items do |t|
t.integer :position, null: false
t.unique_constraint [:position], deferrable: :immediate
end
如果您想將現有的唯一索引變更為可延遲,可以使用 :using_index
建立可延遲的唯一約束。
add_unique_constraint :items, deferrable: :deferred, using_index: "index_items_on_position"
與外來鍵一樣,唯一約束可以透過將 :deferrable
設定為 :immediate
或 :deferred
來延遲。預設 :deferrable
為 false
,且約束會立即檢查。
7 排除約束
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_products.rb
create_table :products do |t|
t.integer :price, null: false
t.daterange :availability_range, null: false
t.exclusion_constraint "price WITH =, availability_range WITH &&", using: :gist, name: "price_check"
end
與外來鍵一樣,排除約束可以透過將 :deferrable
設定為 :immediate
或 :deferred
來延遲。預設 :deferrable
為 false
,且約束會立即檢查。
8 全文搜尋
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
t.string :title
t.string :body
end
add_index :documents, "to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body)", using: :gin, name: 'documents_idx'
# app/models/document.rb
class Document < ApplicationRecord
end
# Usage
Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")
## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
"cat & dog")
您可以選擇將向量儲存為自動產生的欄位(PostgreSQL 12.0 起)
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
t.string :title
t.string :body
t.virtual :textsearchable_index_col,
type: :tsvector, as: "to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body)", stored: true
end
add_index :documents, :textsearchable_index_col, using: :gin, name: 'documents_idx'
# Usage
Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")
## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
Document.where("textsearchable_index_col @@ to_tsquery(?)", "cat & dog")
9 資料庫檢視
假設您需要使用包含下列資料表的舊版資料庫
rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
Table "public.TBL_ART"
Column | Type | Modifiers
------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
INT_ID | integer | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
STR_TITLE | character varying |
STR_STAT | character varying | default 'draft'::character varying
DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
BL_ARCH | boolean | default false
Indexes:
"TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")
此資料表完全不符合 Rails 慣例。由於簡單的 PostgreSQL 檢視預設可更新,因此我們可以將其封裝如下
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
execute <<-SQL
CREATE VIEW articles AS
SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
"STR_TITLE" AS title,
"STR_STAT" AS status,
"DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
"BL_ARCH" AS archived
FROM "TBL_ART"
WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
SQL
# app/models/article.rb
class Article < ApplicationRecord
self.primary_key = "id"
def archive!
update_attribute :archived, true
end
end
irb> first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming", status: "published", published_at: 1.year.ago
irb> second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself", status: "draft", published_at: 1.month.ago
irb> Article.count
=> 2
irb> first.archive!
irb> Article.count
=> 1
此應用程式只關心未封存的 Articles
。檢視也允許條件,因此我們可以直接排除封存的 Articles
。
10 結構轉儲
如果您的 config.active_record.schema_format
為 :sql
,Rails 會呼叫 pg_dump
來產生結構轉儲。
您可以使用 ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags
來設定 pg_dump
。例如,若要從結構轉儲中排除註解,請將此內容新增到初始化程式
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-comments']
回饋
歡迎協助提升本指南的品質。
如果您發現任何錯字或事實錯誤,請協助我們修正。首先,您可以閱讀我們的 文件貢獻 部分。
您也可能會發現內容不完整或未更新。請務必為 main 新增任何遺漏的文件。請先查看 Edge Guides,以確認問題是否已在主分支中修正。請查看 Ruby on Rails 指南規範,以了解格式和慣例。
如果您發現需要修正的內容,但無法自行修正,請 開啟問題。
最後,歡迎在 Ruby on Rails 官方論壇 討論任何與 Ruby on Rails 文件相關的內容。